★ Index : Mak (10) Study Notes Q1. Discuss any one creative art of your choice with proper illustration. Q2. Briefly discuss the history o...
★ Index : Mak (10) Study Notes
Q1. Discuss any one creative art of your choice with proper illustration.
Q2. Briefly discuss the history of Bharatnatyam?
Q3. Discuss four types of folk songs of West Bengal.
Q4. Describe in brief any one of the drama techniques, state its uses in classroom teaching?
Q5.How can school đrama be used for social and personal development?
Q1. Discuss any one creative art of your choice with proper illustration.
▸ Modeling clay is any of a group of malleable substances used in building and sculpting. The material compositions and production processes vary considerably. There are different kinds of Clay making these are as below : (i) Ceramic clay (ii) Oil-based clay (iii) Polymer clay (iv) Paper clay
(i) Ceramic clay : Ceramic clays are water-based substances made from clay minerals and other raw materials. They are baked at high temperatures in a process known as firing to create ceramics, such as terra cotta, earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Paper clay produced by pottery clay manufacturers is a clay body to which a small percentage of processed cellulose fiber has been added. When kiln-fired, the paper burns out, leaving the clay body. Consequently, the firing temperatures and glaze selection should be the same on those used with the clay body.
(ii) Oil-based clay : Oil-based clays are made from various combinations of oils, waxes, and clay minerals. Because the oils do not evaporate like water, oil-based clays remain malleable even when left in dry environments for long periods. Articles made from oil-based clays cannot be fired, and thus are not ceramics. Because rising temperature decreases oil viscosity, the malleability is influenced by heating or cooling the clay. Oil-based clay is not water-soluble. As it can be re-used, it is a popular material for animation artists who need to bend and move their models. It is available in a multitude of colors and is non-toxic.
Oil-based clays are referred to by a number of genericized trademarks. Plastilin (or Plasteline), which was patented in Germany by Franz Kolb in 1880, was developed by Claude Chavant in 1892 and trademarked in 1927. Plasticine was invented in 1897 by William Harbutt of Bathampton, England. Plastilina is trademarked as Roma Plastilina by Sculpture House, Inc. According to their website, their formula is 100 years old. Roms Plastilina contains sulfur, and since certain mold-making compounds do not set in sulfur's presence, making molds of items made of industrial plasticine is difficult. Readily worked in fine detail, oil-based clays are also suitable for the creation of detailed sculptures from which molds can be made. Castings and reproductions can then be produced from much more durable materials. Cars and airplanes may be created using industrial design-grade modeling clay.
(iii) Polymer clay : Polymer clay is a modeling material that cures when heated from 129 to 135 °C (265 to 275 °F) for 15 minutes per 6 millimeters (1/4 in) of thickness. and does not significantly shrink or change shape during the process. Despite being called "clay", it generally contains no clay minerals. Polymer clay is sold in craft, hobby, and art stores, and is used by artists, hobbyists, and children. Polymer clay is also popular in animation since it allows static forms to be manipulated frame after frame. Leading brands of polymer clay include Fimo, Kato Polyclay, Sculpey, and Modello.
(iv) Paper clay :
Main article: Paper clay
Paper clay is handmade or commercially available clay to which a small percentage of processed cellulose fiber is added. The fiber increases the tensile strength of the dry clay and enables dry-to-dry and wet-to-dry joins. Commercial paper clays air-dry to a firm, lightweight sculpture, with minimal shrinking during the drying process. Paper clay can be used as an unfired body in craft and doll-making. It is used in ceramic art studios as sculptural and functional studio pottery.
❐ The Importance of Clay & Creativity : Art plays a significant role in our children's development. When our children are young, we are excited when they bring home a watercolor painting or a hand-drawn card for Valentine's Day. As children enter their teenage years, we need to encourage them to continue to cultivate this creativity even as other activities start to take priority, such as getting involved m high school sports or buying the latest electronic gadgets. to young people - it helps promote self-confidence and encourages selling Clay is one medium that promotes creativity. It is especially beneficial for expression and develops problem-solving skills. Noam Zimin, founder of Clay Dance Studio in Siskiyou County, states, "I believe few art mediums kindle growth and skills in children the way clay does."
Noam offers a variety of pottery classes, including a class for K-8th grade students, adult pottery classes, and a special class for parents and children together. There are several courses he offers the schools during the academic year: a special course on Native American pottery and its connection to basket weaving in the Siskiyou County area, a course in ancient oil lamp making with a pit fire (dating back to ancient Egypt), and a class where he uses pottery to bring to life a book called A Single Shard, which is about a potter and his apprentice. Keith Burroughs, who teaches ceramics at Stellar Charter School in Redding, explains that there are many benefits to ceramics: "The special thing I see over and over again is watching the self-esteem of each student grow when they accomplish something they thought they couldn't do. The reward on their smiling faces is wonderful. Some students may struggle in some courses yet do well in arts like ceramics or music."
Stellar Charter School provides classes in ceramics and pottery from first through 12th grade. The classes focus on ceramic techniques, hand building, wheelwork, and sculpture. The school also offers an advanced ceramics class for high school students where they do more challenging projects. "To take a lump of clay and make it into something usable or beautiful changes your outlook on life," says Keith. All Fired Up Ceramic Art Center in Chico is a professional wet clay studio offering ceramic art classes for children and adults; it's a place where artists and students can connect with each other and have access to supplies and materials. For those new to using wet clay, basic pottery skills are taught based on the type of project a customer chooses and whether the student wants a series of lessons or just a one-time class.
of all ages with and without developmental disabilities. For teenagers with an upcoming birthday, a clay party may be a creative way to celebrate. Janice Hofmann, Owner of Al Fired Up in Chico explains the party organizer usually picks out a project for the group to do, but individuals can add many special personal touches. All Fired Up in Redding also offers birthday party packages. For pottery painting, different types of pottery are available such as mugs, plates, and platters. The customer chooses the colors of paint for the objects, paints them, and then the studio glazes and fires them.
Both All Fired Up studios host events for large and small groups. All Fired Up in Redding has hosted groups such as the Redding School of the Arts, University Preparatory School, and Turtle Bay School. The studio in Chico is available for family reunions, ladies' night out evenings, and employee team-building events. As parents, we want to foster the talents of our children. My daughters created a variety of ceramic pieces in their junior high ceramics class which provided me a window into their personal identities. What they envisioned in their imagination came to life with clay. Making something out of clay stimulates the impațion; as you create an object you reveal an aspect of yourself.
Even for those children and teens who don't show much creative talent, it's important not to lose sight of the importance of the creative arts, such as ceramics, in their lives. Parents need to support the arts in schools and encourage children and teens to take art classes. As ceramics teacher Ken Burroughs states, "So many times art is set aside for financial reasons when our youth need this education."
Q2. Briefly discuss the history of Bharatnatyam?
▸ Bharatnatyam is a form of Indian classical dance that originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu. It is developed during the sangam period of Ca 3rd century BCE to C. 4th century CE in ancient Tamilakam, the Tolkappiyam as well as the later silappadikaram lestify to a variety of dance traditions that flourished in these times. The art of music and dance were highly developed and played major roles.
❐ History of Bharatnatyam : Bharatnatyam dance flourished in the Hindu temples of South India. Temple dancers are flourished under royal patronage and religious devotion. Devadasi system became an integral part of the South Indian temple ritual. Tamilnadu, especially Thanjavur, has been the seat and centre of learning and culture. It was the famous quartet of chinnayya, Ponniah, Sivanandam and Vadivelu of the Tanjore court during the Marathi king Sarabaji" time (1798-1824) which made a rich contribution to music and Bharatanatyam and completed the process of re-editing the Bharatnatyam program into its present shape with its various forms like the Alarippu, Jatiswaram, Sabdham, Varnam, Tillana etc.
Bharatnatyam is a solo dance with two aspects, lasya, the graceful feminine lines and movements and tandava Ananda Tandavam the dance of Shiva, the masculine aspect. Bharatnatyam are the skirt (saree) style or the pyjama style. Dancers, costumes made of silk sarees with gold zari embroidery design. The pleats in this costumes opens beautifully. When the dancer forms a particular pasture especially ariamandi (half sitting) and murhumandi (full sitting). The chief musical instruments used in Bharatnatyam are the Mridangam and a pair of cymbals. A tambura is also used to provide the scale for the refrain. The other instruments used are Manjira, Vina, and Violin. Kamjira, Surpeti, Venu and Tanpura.
Q3. Discuss four types of folk songs of West Bengal.
▸ Four types of folk-song of West Bengal are discussed below― (i) Baul (ii) Bhadu (iii) Tusu (iv) Gambhira
(i) Baul : Baul (meaning "divinely inspired insanity) are a group of mystic minstrels (Muslim sufis and Hindu Baishnas) from the Bengal region, who sang primarily in the 17th and 18th centuries They are thought to have been influenced greatly by the Hine tantric sect of the Kartabhajas as well as by Muslim sufi philosophers. An example -"Gharer majhe onek ache kon ghorami ghar bandheche."
(ii) Bhadu : Bhadu is the social festival of South Bengal. The festival starts from the first day of Bhadro, the fifth month in the Bengali calendar, and continues till the end of the month. It has its origins in the story of a princess called Bhadravati of Panchakote who committed suicide Bhadravati's devotees make an image of her. On the last day of Bhadra, people gather on the river bank and immerse the image in the water. The song mainly focuses on marriage form the main attraction of the festival. An example "Amar bhadu chalechhen laiche laiche Jhum Jhum Jhum Jhum nupur baje".
(iii) Tusu : Tusu is a festival in Birbhum Purulia, Medinipur district in West Bengal. It is performed during the harvest festival to celebrate the coming crop. It is held on the occasion of Makar Sankranti where in its performance groups of young girls gather every evening throughout the month of pousa which falls on December-January. An example- "Utho Utho Utho tusu uthate esyechi go Gomari sebika mora pujite baschi go".
(iv) Gambhira : Gambhira is a folk song of Malda District. The other name of Gambhira is Shib sangeet. It is sung during chaitra month. It is main lako utsav of Malda district Gambhira starts with Shiba Bandana. An example -"Swaraj jodi pai he bhala khata dibo manik katha".
Q4. Describe in brief any one of the drama techniques, state its uses in classroom teaching?
▸ The use of drama has been used over the course of history from the time of Aristotle. Who believed that theater provided people a way to release emotions, right to the beginning of the progressive movement in education. There are so many points that we strongly agree are important to consider :
(a) Drama is part of real life and prepares to deal with life's problems.
(b) Drama engages students in creative problem-solving and decision-making.
(c) Drama develops verbal and non-verbal communication.
(d) Drama can enhance students' psychological well-being.
(e) Drama develops empathy and new perspectives.
(f) Drama builds cooperation and develops other social skills.
(g) Drama increases concentration and comprehension through engagement.
(h) Drama helps students consider moral issues and develop values.
(i) Drama is an alternative way to asses by observing.
(j) Drama is an entertaining.
(k) Drama contributes to aesthetic development.
(l) Drama offers a learning avenue that enhances other curriculum areas.
According to the syllabus, Drama has some practical classroom applications Such as voice and speech, Mime and Movements, Improvisation, and Skills for teaching curricular material: observation, Imitation, and presentation.
❐ Voice and Speech : Spèech is produced by precisely coordinated muscle actions in the head, neck, chest, and abdomen, Speech development is a gradual process that requires years of practice. During this process, a child learns how to Tregulate these muscles to, produce understandable speech.
Use of voice : Like good actors teachers need to use their voices appropriately in a variety of situations such as narrating a story or giving a character a distinctive accent. Effective teachers incorporate variations in vocal pitch and deliberately raise or lower their voices in order to make a point or simply to communicate more effectively. Some instructions are given below to improve voice and pitch: (i) Reading poetry aloud. This is particularly helpful because poetry requires greater vocal inflection for its meaning to become clear. (ii) Varying the speed and tone according to the meaning of the piece of the subject.
❐ Mime and Movement : A mime or mime artist is someone who uses mime a theatrical medium or as performing art, involving miming, or the acting out of story rough body motions, without the use of speech. Mime has been performed on stage. Traditionally, these sorts of performances involve the actor/actress wearing tight black and white clothing with white facial makeup. However contemporary mimes of been performed without white faces, while traditional mimes have been completely silent. Mime acts are often comical, but some can be very serious. Fun is learning and learning is fun. It we remember this and try to incorporate fun in our own teaching. Our students will definitely enjoy the learning process. Students enjoy dealing with and discussing real-life issues and problems.
❐ Improvisation : Improvisation, or impro, is a form of live theater in which the plot. characters and dialogue of a game, scene or story are modes up in the moment. Effective teachers can improvise so well that at they always appear to know exactly what are doing and everything seems to be carefully planned and well thought out. Obviously, Improvisation is one of the most important skills for a teacher to learn. Deep experiences through drama guide and support students' problem-solving skills, while at the same time, working to encourage an increasing awareness in how to solve issues at hand. Instead of school just being a place where students are being taught and told what to think and feel, drama turns this into a deeper experience in thinking, further motivating students to question, respond and explain what they are feeling and thinking. Find out about local live theater options that may connect to student's curriculum. Remember to check local colleges and community theater groups, some groups actually have plays specifically designed to meet curriculum standards.
❐ Skills of Observation : Observation is essential in any skill and it's the source for our creativity and critical thinking. There are different types of observation methods. Those are given below -
(i) Controled observation
(ii) Natural observation
(iii) Participants observation
When teaching new lessons, we always depend on prior knowledge. We star with what students know, which further guides us with the next take in our teaching. It is difficult for some of our students to make sense of specific things which is simply where drama fits in. Drama can be used to preview or review a lesson. Further allowing teachers to assess what students already know or have learned. Drama simply allows students the opportunity to rehearse roles. Further, it gives form or shape to the individual and personal ideas and feelings they are naturally experiencing. Overall, this allows students to make sense of their 'real' life problems.
❐ Imitation and Presentation : An Imitation of something is a copy of it. Imitation means copying someone else actions. Mimesis means "to initiate' is a critical and philosophical term that carries a wide range of meanings. Imitation means the act of copying somebody or something. It is an act of copying how somebody talks and behaves, especially to entertain. In drama, imitation is more pronounced in performance. Drama tries to present life as realistically as possible on stage. This is why we say the drama is a mirror of life. The children are imitating their parents or life as it is lived in the family. The basic concept of drama is imitation.
❐ Presentation : Presentation is the appearance of something, which someone has worked to create. Presentation is the process of selecting, designing, adapting to, or modifying the performance space for a play or film. Slaging is also used to mean the result of this process, in other words, the spectacle that play presents in performance, its visual detail costumes, lighting and sound are related to the word presentation. 'A dramatic change or event that happens suddenly is very noticeable and surprising." This entrance is more applicable to the meaning presentation. When a drama is performed there are two forms (a) Realistic (b) Nonrealistic.
Realistic characteristic :
(i) Present real life on stage.
(ii) Characters are taken from real life
(iii) Makeup, light, and stagecraft are all real.
(iv) Dialogue ctc.
Non-realistic Characteristics :
(i) Does not present real life
(ii) Stages are suggestive
(iii) Dress are not real
(iv) Narrator, chorus are used to converse with the audience etc.
❐ Classroom Applications : Drama has many practical classroom applications for teaching curricular material. Important concepts, ideas, events, and people can be dramatized through improvisation, pantomime, and playwriting to stimulate interest, Drama can be the vehicle for the following applications:
(i) Role-play situations to model/observe new skills or behaviors.
(ii) Develop scenarios to introduce new concepts.
(iii) Dramatize a meeting between characters or historical figures.
(iv) Reenact a real event.
(v) Dramatize a scene that might have happened in a story.
(vi) Improvise a scene that expresses the topic or theme.
(vii) Act out scenarios as a way to approach writing dialogue.
(viii) Create literacy sketches.
(ix) Stimulate ideas for composing
(x) Portray famous people
Drama is a teaching tool that allows students to participate, demonstrate and observe in a "Controlled", or non-threatening environment. In other words, it provides another, "non-traditional" opportunity for students to learn and demonstrate learning. At the same time, drama helps students get in touch with their creativity and spontaneity as well as develop confidence in the expression of their ideas. Finally, it teaches self-discipline acceptance of and positive response to criticism and cooperation with others.
Q5. How can school đrama be used for social and personal development?
▸ Drama in education is a method that contributes to an individual's personality development, improves social behavior and skills, and enables the individual to trust and recognize himself/herself as wll as academic achievement. Drama in school involves a social community with its participants. It makes an individual feel belonging to a group and being in a social environment. Drama in school as a means to personal and social development are constructs self-concept, self-discrepancy, role-taking ability, knowledge of vocabulary, self-expression, concentration, creativity, imaginary ability etc. Acting can help students solidify important literary scenes in their minds. It can help them develop empathy and fully comprehend the gravity of a situation by creating realistic dialogue, showing emotion & including
relevant details that demonstrate the content, and developing critical thinking.
For example- a group acts out the moment Juliet finds out her beloved Romeo killed her cousin Tybalt and she doesn't know what to think. Does she react with love and forgiveness or rage and violence? Students act out both sides, adding depth to this brief but important moment that's wedged between scenes of violence & romance ask students what they learned while performing and watching and to apply it to their own lives. The activity can be really useful because students are directly involved the situation & gain a practical output. School drama helps to build confidence, develop language and Communication skills, encourages children to cooperate with others, develop emotional intelligence, nurture friendships, and assists physical development & creativity among learners by which they are actively participate in social work.
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